概念

定語(yǔ)可以由形容詞、名詞、代詞、分詞、不定式以及介詞短語(yǔ)等來?yè)?dān)任，也可以由一個(gè)句子來充當(dāng)，充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)功能的句子稱為定語(yǔ)從句。

定語(yǔ)從句“三要素”

1.先行詞

：被定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的名詞或代詞

①指人的先行詞

②指物的先行詞

★ 先行詞還可以是前面整個(gè)句子所敘述的事情。

He has passed the driving test, which surprises all of us. (which替代前面所敘述的事情) 先行詞

2.關(guān)系詞

：引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)的詞

(1)關(guān)系詞的作用

①替代前面的先行詞(替代作用)

②連接主句和定語(yǔ)從句(連接作用)

③在定語(yǔ)從句中作句子成分(成分作用)

(2)關(guān)系詞的分類

①標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：根據(jù)關(guān)系詞在從句中做的句子成分種類

②關(guān)系代詞：在從句中做 主，賓，表，定(that/which/who/whom/whose/as)

③關(guān)系副詞：在從句中作狀語(yǔ)(When/where/why)

3.定語(yǔ)從句

：用來做定語(yǔ)，修飾限定先行詞的句子

定語(yǔ)從句的分類：

①限制性定語(yǔ)從句：對(duì)先行詞起限定修飾作用。

He is a teacher who works at our school.

②非限制性定語(yǔ)從句：對(duì)先行詞起補(bǔ)充說明作用(先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句之間有逗號(hào)隔開)

Beijing, which is the capital of China, is a beautiful city with a long history.

比較：

He has two sons, who work in the same company.

(He has only two sons.)

He has two sons who work in the same company.

(Perhaps he has two more sons)

定語(yǔ)從句的10個(gè)難點(diǎn)

1.關(guān)系代詞的省略(限定性定語(yǔ)從句)

(1)關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)

She is the girl (whom / that) I loved before. (可以省略whom/that)

(2)關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作表語(yǔ)

He is no longer the boy (that) he used to be. (可以省略that)

(3)關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語(yǔ)，介詞在從句句尾時(shí)可以省略

Housing price is a problem (that/which) people are interested in.

比較：

Housing price is a problem in which people are interested.(此時(shí)只能用which且不能省略)

2.先行詞是人(that/who的區(qū)別)

(1)用that的情況

①以疑問詞who開頭的句子中

Who is the man that is shouting there?

②關(guān)系代詞在從句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)

She is not the girl that she used to be.

③先行詞被the very, the right, the only修飾

This is the very person that we are looking for.

(2)用who的情況

①先行詞是one, ones, anybody, all, none, those 等

Those who want to go to the cinema will have to wait at the gate of the school.

②句子中有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,一個(gè)用了that,另外一個(gè)用who

Who is the boy that won the gold medal?

③在there be 結(jié)構(gòu)中

There are many young men who are against him.

④在非限定性定語(yǔ)從句當(dāng)中

Tom, who is my best friend, has gone abroad to study.

3.先行詞是物(that / which的區(qū)別)

(1)用which的情況

①在非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中

She lost the game, which depressed her greatly.

②關(guān)系詞置于介詞之后，作賓語(yǔ)

The pen with which you write is Jack’s.

③先行詞是that或定語(yǔ)從句中套定語(yǔ)從句,一個(gè)關(guān)系詞用that,另一個(gè)用which.

Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which is newly open to us.

(2)用that的情況

①先行詞是不定代詞如all, little, few, much,anything, everything, nothing, none, no one等

She did all that she could to help us.

②先行詞被all, every, no, some, little, much, the only, he very, the right，the last等所修飾時(shí)

This is the very book that I want.

③先行詞中既有人又有物時(shí)

She described in her compositions the people and he places that impressed her most.

④先行詞前有序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)

This is the best book that I have ever read.

This is the first film that I’ve seen since I came here.

⑤定語(yǔ)從句中套定語(yǔ)從句，其中一個(gè)關(guān)系詞以用which, 另外一個(gè)用that

He built a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.

⑥當(dāng)主句的主語(yǔ)是疑問詞which,另一個(gè)用that

Who is the person that is standing at the gate?

4.As引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句用法

(1)As 既可以引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句也可以用于非限定性定句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)等。

常用于以下句型當(dāng)中：Such/so….. as…. 像…..一樣 the same …. as… 和…...同樣

A computer is so useful a machine as we can use everyday.

He is not the same man as he was.

(2)引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，此時(shí)譯為“正如，像”等�？梢苑旁诰涫祝�句中或句末。

As I remember, there were a net bar here.

Taiwan is an inseparable part of China, as is known to all.

★the same as...和the same that...引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別

This is the same bike that I lost yesterday. (同一事物)

This is the same bike as I lost yesterday. (同類事物)

5.關(guān)系副詞的運(yùn)用

(1)When 在定語(yǔ)從句中做時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，先行詞為表示時(shí)間的time, day等

I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing. (when=on which)

(2)Where 在定語(yǔ)從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，先行詞為表地點(diǎn)的place, spot等

Can you tell me the office where he works?(where = in which)

(3)Why 在定語(yǔ)從句中做原因狀語(yǔ)，先行詞只有reason.

I don’t want to listen to any reason why you were absent.(why = for which)

★ 關(guān)系副詞 = 相應(yīng)的介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞

★ Where引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句還可以修飾抽象空間的名詞如case(情形)，situation, position(位置),stage (階段)，point(地步)等

What are the situations where body language is the only form ofcommunication?

在哪些情況下身體語(yǔ)言是唯一的溝通方式。(此時(shí)where = in which)

6.幾個(gè)特殊的先行詞

(1)way在定語(yǔ)從句中做狀語(yǔ)時(shí)的三種引導(dǎo)方式 that / in which / 不填

The way in which / that / 不填 he explains the sentence to us is quite simple.

比較：The way which /that/不填 he told to us was quite simple.

★way在定語(yǔ)中作tell的賓語(yǔ)

(2)先行詞time

time表示“次數(shù)”時(shí)，用關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句

This is the first time that the president has visited the country.

time作“一段時(shí)間” 講時(shí)，應(yīng)用關(guān)系副詞when

This was the time when there were no radios, no telephones or no TV sets

★此時(shí)when = during which 在..期間

(3)先行詞reason當(dāng)在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句的4種引導(dǎo)方式 why/for which/that/不填

This is the reason why/for which/that/不填 he can not come here.

★reason 在定語(yǔ)從句中做explain的賓語(yǔ)

7.介詞+關(guān)系代詞

★該結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)系代詞只有兩種即 介詞+which(指物) 介詞+whom(指人)

★該結(jié)構(gòu)介詞的選用原則：

(1)根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的習(xí)慣搭配

This is the book on which I spent $ 8.

This is the book for which I paid $ 8.

(2)根據(jù)先行詞的搭配習(xí)慣

I remember the days during which I lived there.

I remember the day on which I graduated from university.

(3)根據(jù)整個(gè)句子所表達(dá)的意思來決定

The colorless gas without which we can’t live is called oxygen.

(4)英語(yǔ)中為了強(qiáng)調(diào)某一名詞，不定式前面也可以加上關(guān)系代詞。

Here is the money with which to buy the piano.

She is the right person on whom to depend

注意：

①如果介詞后移，關(guān)系代詞可以省略

The person (whom/who/that) you will write to is Todd.

②有些含有介詞的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)介詞不能提前如look for/after; take care of; send for; hear from/of/about deal with等

This is the baby that you will look after.

8.定語(yǔ)從句的主謂一致

(1)當(dāng)先行詞是 one of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞，定語(yǔ)從句的位于動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式

The Great Wall is one of the world-famous buildings that draw lots of visitor every year.

(2)當(dāng)先行詞是 the only + one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞，從句謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式

The Great Wall is the only one of the buildings on the earth that is seen from the moon.

(3)先行詞如果是整個(gè)句子，定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)

Great changes have taken place in China, as is known to all.

He has passed the driving test, which surprises all of us.

9.定語(yǔ)從句的轉(zhuǎn)化

定語(yǔ)從句可以轉(zhuǎn)換為 –ing或-ed形式

The girl (who is) dancing now just returned from Taiwan.

I love the stories (which were) written by Hemingway.

The man (who stands) standing there is my friend.

10. 定語(yǔ)從句的解題方法

(1)判斷從句是否為定語(yǔ)從句 (先行詞，關(guān)系詞，定語(yǔ)從句)

(2)準(zhǔn)確判斷先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中的成分(主、賓、表、定、狀)從而正確選定使用關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞

注意：

①關(guān)系代詞whose的用法。Whose在定語(yǔ)從句中做定語(yǔ)。

當(dāng)先行詞是人：whose = the + 名詞 + of whom

當(dāng)先行詞是物：whose = the + 名詞 + of which

Do you know the boy whose parents / the parents of whom are on holiday?

I’d like a room whose window / the window of which faces the sea.

②That引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，名詞性從句和強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的區(qū)別:

定語(yǔ)從句中的that:

關(guān)系代詞，在后面的定語(yǔ)從句中做句子成分。

名詞性從句中的that

：從屬連詞，只起連接主從句的作用，在從句中不做句子成分。

強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的that, 運(yùn)用于it is/was…that..結(jié)構(gòu);判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：去掉強(qiáng)調(diào)句型結(jié)構(gòu)，成分仍然完整。

比較：

This is the book that I am looking for.(that 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句)

It is at Bashu middle school that I have studied for three years.

(that和前面的it is構(gòu)成強(qiáng)調(diào)句型)

The fact that he stole the money surprised all of us.

(that 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句--同位語(yǔ)從句)

That he will come to the conference has excited all of us.

(that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句--主語(yǔ)從句)

We all expect that they win, for members of their team are stronger.

(that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句--賓語(yǔ)從句)

The reason for your failure is that you lack confidence in yourself.

(that 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句--表語(yǔ)從句)

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